A Shirley Shadford Caistor armchair in unexpected places - the Busby Stoop chair

A Caistor chair ended up far from the workshop where it was made: 90 miles north at the Busby Stoop Inn on the A61 between Thirsk and Ripon.  The inn closed in 2012 and is now The Jaipur Spice Indian restaurant. As the writer led the Serious Fraud Office investigation into the affairs of The Ostrich Farming Corporation more than twenty years ago and has also cooked professionally, he is delighted on two grounds that The Jaipur Spice serve a fusion dish of Ostrich Jaflong (ostrich meat cooked with aromatic spice and herbs, garlic, ginger, spring onions, methi, fresh bullet chillies and served with mushroom pilau, since you ask).  Its Tripadvisor reviews are very good too.

In its last manifestation as a pub the Busby Stoop Inn had the rare, possibly unique, distinction of a Caistor chair painted on the sign. As may be seen from the pictures below the sign was rather fetching.

© Northern Echo

A comprehensive account of the myths surrounding the chair appeared in the Northern Echo on 29 October 2014.

"[...] Until 1978, the chair had remained at the Busby Stoop Inn, three miles west of the town, where the celebrated historian Ralph Thoresby noted in 1703 that he had passed "the doleful object of Thomas Busby hanging in chains for the murder of Daniel Auty". Accounts abound that Busby had fallen out with Auty, his father-in-law, who had sat in his chair after an argument about Auty's daughter, Elizabeth. It is said on his way to the gallows, Busby's last request was to stop at the pub and after finishing his ale, proclaimed "May sudden death come to anyone who dare sit in my chair". The remained in the pub for centuries, and people were dared to sit in it. [...]"

In 1978 the then landlord, apparently scared by its reputation, gave the chair to the Thirsk Museum where it remains to this day.

These chairs were made in William Shirley junior's and later John Shadford's workshop in Caistor between 1843 when William Shirley junior (1817 - 1889) moved from Grantham to Caistor and at the latest 1890. Shirley died in 1889 and Shadford (1828 - 1890) a year later.  William's younger brother Frederick (1836 - 1898), also a chair maker, in all likelihood also made these chairs - he is recorded as a chairmaker in the Caistor census in 1851 (apprentice), 1861 and 1871.  By 1881 Frederick was in Sculcoates, Hull where he remained until his death in 1898, making chairs. William Shirley junior had a son, Alfred (1845 - 1919) recorded as a chair maker in Caistor in 1871 and 1881 and later as a chair maker but variously in Crowle 1891, Manchester 1901 and Sculcoates 1911.  There is therefore a strong possibility that some of these Caistor chairs were later made north of the Humber by Frederick and Alfred Shirley, probably in Hull.  

The Busby Stoop Inn chair is the 4 bobbin cross stretcher model, a more rounded example of which appears below. 

However alluring the myth, the chair was made at least 140 years and possibly as many as 190 years after the events with which it has become indelibly associated.  The Busby Stoop chair features in many accounts written by fans of ghosts and the supernatural. The following picture is reasonably representative.

© Haunted History

The Busby Stoop chair's fame has spread rather further than you might think. The author is indebted to his friend John Boden of Caistor, an expert on Caistor and many other chairs, for pointing out the the Busby Stoop chair is even popular in Japan where it features in this manga cartoon, the gist of which can be grasped even by those whose Japanese is limited.

Otogi: Spirit Agents is a CCG (collectible card) RPG (role-playing game) where players are Spirit Agents charged with eliminating evil energy running rampant in the world. Collect spirits in the form of cards and put together a team of four to tackle enemies in fully voice-acted stories and quests.  You know what's coming next, don't you?  Yup, there's a Spirit Agent, and she's called Busby Stoop.  Here she is an all her Caistor-inspired glory.

It would be harsh to point out they've not quite got the cross-stretcher right, wouldn't it?

It would be fitting to finish with this charming picture from Japanese webcomic Axis Powers Hetalia which I tracked down from a blog that no longer exists called Prussiane on one of Willow Smith's Pinterest boards bearing the comment "I swear England is insane". 

Quite possibly so. 

© Julian Parker 2020

Gillows perspectives

The sketch on the right comes from Susan Stuart's article in the Journal of The Regional Furniture Society (2010) More about Gillows’ Windsor and Common Chairs  captioned: "A high back Windsor chair painted green, ash with deal spindles. Made by Joseph Wilcock, December 1806. Westminister Archive Centre 344/ 99, fol. 1804".

There are one or two other sketches of Gillows' Windsors which survive and they all seem to have this slightly curious 'bird's eye' view and I've never understood quite why they were drawn this way. Then I came across the photo on the left in the Courtyard Antiques sold archive.  The similarity is striking and rather pleasing.

1696 - Probate Inventory of John Dring of St Peter's in the Arches, Lincoln 4th December 1696

This inventory is intriguing for both the contents and the list of both woods and tools in a late 17th century Lincoln joiner's house and workshop.

"Decr 4th A Dmi 1696

A Trew and perfect inventary of John Dring joyner deceaised in St Peeters in ye arches Parish of his goods & chatle by Us whose names are heare under written Robert Langby Philip Cunstall
and John Glenn
Imprimis

	£	s	d
The purs and aparell £30 plate £2	32	0	0
Bed Chamber
The feather bed pillars and bolsters blanckits and roog	5	0	0
The bedsted and cornish cortins and vallents cortin rodds cord and map	3	0	0
The chist of drawers the cheeres the Looking glassees and pictures	3	14	0
Cradle and roogs	0	15	0
The Clossit
Bedsted and all belonging to varnish fish skin brushees	3	12	0
The Seeled Chamber
The wallnuttree chist of drawers and Looking glassees	10	12	0
The fenered tables and stands side bord tables and combox	3	10	0
The bedsted ye great with bos sees and other things	1	9	0
The Mens Chamber
The feather bed roog and blanckits all things belongin to it	4	0	0
The cuttin screwes with ye box to it the chist with the tooles all	2	1	0
The Litle chamber
The table feet that is in it	0	11	2
The garrat
The coffins and bedsteds cheere frames turning frames a still and pot to it	5	0	0
The 2 sawes stoole feet black wood and molds staing stoole wheele rack Bird cage baskit and bock bocks all comes to	2	4	4
The parlar
The ovell wenscote tables and the side bord tables and Litle table all	8	3	0
The chist of drawers ye bedsted one greate with ye froggs and galla boake	5	8	6
The hall
The tables in ye hall wenscote and elme one with the other comes to	4	15	0
The wallnut chist of drawers stooles pewter case a cooller washing tubs and other things	9	7	0
The Kichin
The pewter 2 douzen of plates 11 pewter dishees 2 tankards 1 flaggin 2 candlesticks	3	17	0
The tables and cheeres 3 guns one pair of wooden srewes glew a ston and half all	3	11	0
The brass pots and Kettles candsticks and copper can warming pan fryin pan sawspan	1	18	0
The spits testing Irons smoothing irons glew pots nest of drawers	0	13	6
The driping pan glas botles a paire of folding dores with the hingees	1	1	0
Three douzen of Locks one douzen paire of duftale hingees 3 douzen of dripls	1	9	5
Three douzen of scuthings 7 douzen of squaes coffin Locks	0	10	5
The back Kichin
The washing tubs ternes scip and other neasesary things for ye Kichin	0	16	6
The oake bords old Iron turning fram other odd ends of stufe all	2	11	0
The foale and the hay	1	19	0
The Sellar
The end of wood and five barells	1	17	0
The Yard
The bed post bed rales bed sides and all other peicees with a buring wheele and bords	2	15	0
The stufe in the summer house	1	10	0
The Wood house
The oake quarters elme bords wallnuttree plancks and other peicees	5	0	0
The Hay Chamber
The dale bords and five score and ten of quarter dales comes to	11	11	2
The oake plank and bord the paire tree plank and bord	1	10	6
The Shop in ye Street
The coffins the wenscote bords the bass bords and peicees of bords	2	9	4
The stools and cheere feet and rales 2 gun stocks with other peicees	0	17	0
The molds and patterns squares and leavell frames of tables screwes and boxe	0	16	0
The chist and all tooles in it and in the shop hatchits hansawes hammer holdfasts Long plains for plaines smoothing plaines comish plaines belection plaines ogees hollow and rownds plaines plowes growing plaines spring plaine files rasps and burring tooles screwes and screw plates wimble and passer stock and small kits mortis chissell and all sort of chissells and formers and gougees the turning fram a vice the benchees all things in it	9	16	7
The old house Where they came from
The oake plank the Wallnuttree plank the partree plank the grindle ston and other waist wood in all	4	7	1
The Timber
The oake timber by Saint Sweethings Church the sawpitt The foure trees comes to in all	6	13	4
Elme wood
The elme wood att Stamp end 20 peicees comes to in all	3	0	0
Totall:	174	12	4
	175	12	4

Wittnessed by us whose names are heare 

John Glenn

Robert Langley

Phillip Constable

Robert Dring

Exhibm fuit huius inventarium apud Lincoln septimo die mensis Decembris Anno Dmi millimo Sextennio & nonogesimo sexto P. Executricem pro vero &c Sub &c fi &c (This inventory was presented at Lincoln on the 7th day of December in the 1696th year of our Lord by the Executor as a true and faithful inventory etc.)"

Reference Name INV/192/362 

Name: Dring, John 

Profession: Joiner 

Place: Lincoln, Lincolnshire 

Date: 1695-1696 Repository: Lincolnshire Archives [057]
© Julian Parker 2020

1661 - 1714 Probate Inventories - what were the citizens of Lincoln sitting on during the reigns of Charles II, James II, William & Mary and Anne?

The excellent Probate Inventories of Lincoln Citizens 1661 - 1714 edited by J.A. Johnston (Volume 80, Lincoln Record Society/The Boydell Press 1991),  contains transcriptions of about 10% of the 590 probate inventories known to exist for thirteen Lincoln parishes, mostly held at the Lincoln Archives.  There are more Lincoln inventories for this period than for most other parts of the country. 

These probate inventories are interesting because they relate to a period before the proliferation of newspapers and advertisements, which, in later periods, are a good source of household contents when they are advertised for sale. The Lincoln, Rutland & Stamford Mercury which claims to be Britain's oldest newspaper began publication only right at the end of this period. 

These probate inventories, in the absence of virtually any other information that can be systematically examined, therefore offer a rare opportunity to get a glimpse of what sort of seating the citizens of Lincoln were using just at the time before the very first Windsor chairs were starting to be made.  The earliest known Windsor chairmaker, Joseph Newton of Fenton, Lincolnshire is discussed elsewhere here and here on this blog.

I have extracted and analysed all 277 entries from 55 of the 60 inventories printed which mention chairs, stools and forms, together with other items associated with seating components. 

Johnston's cautionary notes on the inventories selected at pp. xviii-xix & xxxi should be borne in mind:

"It is a generally acknowledged weakness of any collection of inventories that they give poor representation of women. 20% of the Lincoln inventories refer to women. Out of the total number of 115 female inventories 71 (61%) were of widows, 13 (11%) of spinsters and the remaining 31 were female from the evidence of Christian name but were not defined by marital status. In Lichfield between 1661 and 1680 women provided 18% of the inventories and in nearby rural Lincolnshire in the same period they provided 12%. Women were certainly under-represented in the Lincoln sequence of inventories but not to an exceptional extent.

Inventories also under-represent the poor. When the deceased was poor and there was unlikely to be dispute over the settlement of the estate the legal process of probate was not required. The unfairness of consuming much of the value of a poor man’s estate in the cost of probate was recognised in a note scribbled on one of the labourer inventories. The note suggested that probate be waived as the final charges would cum to as much as is thought will be gotten. However Lincoln’s inventory coverage of the poor is exceptionally good because there are 156 inventories of people who died intestate and many of these were poor. In the 1680s 31 % of the L.C.C. Admons were for estates valued at less than £5.00 and 51 % were at less than £20.00. Inevitably a process of selection which looks for inventories which are revealing and rich in detail involves a bias towards wealthier examples. The mean of all 590 inventories is £187.00 and for the printed selection is £257.50 although this does include examples of the lowest valuations. In this period a Lincolnshire labourer could expect to earn between 3p and 4p a day. A personal estate valued at £600 could be interpreted as a sign of gentility and a prosperous tradesman’s estate would be in the range between £100 and £500. None of the Lincoln inventories show wealth of the level attained by the great merchants of London and the major cities. Only 10% died with estates valued at more than £500 and of these only 3 % had estates valued at more than £1,000.

In addition to the kinds of bias already discussed the inventories present a range of problems to historians seeking to use them as evidence of a past society. Inevitably they seek to use them for purposes far removed from their original function. These problems have been often and cogently described. The ones that are of particular relevance as a cautionary background to this collection can be summarised. The totals of valuations given at the end of each inventory do not give an accurate picture of the deceased’s wealth. Real estate, such as land and property, were not valued and debts can be omitted. Both wills and administrator’s accounts need to be consulted to gain confidence about the financial standing of the inventory’s subject. The appraisers were fallible humans, their troubles with addition prove that, and uncertainties about goods in the deceased’s usage but not his possession or what belonged to a widow from her marriage settlement or was credited to her by custom, a neglect of rooms or assets, carelessness or lack of expertise in the processes of listing and valuation are all factors than can reduce the value of inventories for the historian. But, as all such cautionary paragraphs conclude, they do provide a major historical resource which excites both the quantifying historian and those who find instruction and pleasure in the unique and sometimes eccentric record of a singular individual."

"Roughly one in ten of the Lincoln inventories between 1661 and 1714 are printed in this volume. Selection poses obvious and serious problems. There is no generally accepted classification of the occupations, professions and services of an early modern city. There have been practically as many ways of organising inventory evidence for the study of urban life as there have been studies. The apparently convenient division of the inventories into those describing manufacturing, distributive and retailing trades is invalidated by the overlapping functions of individuals. Each city requires a particular approach if a selection of evidence is justly to reflect its economic and social status in a given period. [...] Inventories have been selected that as far as possible contain detailed evidence for the implements and stock that were characteristic of an occupation. The process of selection provides scope to illustrate such extremes of poverty and wealth as the evidence allows and for examples of males and females in all the social groupings. It follows that the selection contains evidence for the entire range of households and their furniture and fittings."

As some of the terms used in the inventories are unfamiliar I start with relevant extracts, amended where necessary, from the Glossary. For ease of reading a large volume of information I have colour-coded the text in this post as follows Chairs Stools Forms.

Glossary
Chairs
Bass, Bast	plaited rush or straw
Bumble	woven bull rushes
Chair Table	a chair of which the back folds forwards to make a table resting on the arms of the chair
Couch Chair	a backless sofa positioned against a wall
Covered Chair	a chair with padded seat and back
Dutch Chair	a ladder back chair with a rush seat
Easey Chair	a chair with wings and a sloping or hinged back
Leather Chair	upholstered in leather
Matted Chair	rush bottomed chair
Reed Wrought Chair	rush bottomed and backed chair
Rushia, Rushey, Rushy Chair	a chair with leather upholstery
Rushion, Russe Leather	a durable leather much used in upholstering chairs, the most prestigious in quality was originally imported from Russia
Seeled Chair	chair with canopy
Set Work Chair	chair with tapestry or needlework upholstery
Turkey Work	tapestry worked upholstery, much used for chairs
Wainscote	good quality, imported oak; chair or furniture with wood panelling
Wanded Chair	chair made of wickerwork or with wickerwork seat and back
Stools
Buffet, Buffitt Stool	stool, normally associated with a dining table
Close Stool	a commode
Joyne, Joynt, Joynid	applied to furniture, especially stools, with turned legs in the form of columns of balusters
Forms
Saddle, Sattle, Settle	long wooden bench with arms and a high back
Settle Bed	bed which folds up in the form of a settle

Table 1 below sets out the 277 entries. Table 2 follows, setting out an analysis and summary of those entries.  Table 3 summarises the total chairs, forms and stools in each person's inventory. 

Table 1 represents a small fraction of the inventories overall as it is only those entries related to seating.  Most inventories show the name of the deceased, usually their occupation and parish, and the date of the inventory.  The archive references relate to the indexing system at Lincolnshire Archives.

Most inventories show the location within the premises of the item which adds useful context.  Most entries do not permit of a separate assessment of the values ascribed to any particular chair, stool or form because the appraisers often valued a whole room at a time.  Sometimes the seating is separately itemised and those entries have been extracted into the Notes on Value column of Table 2.

Table 1

Person & Description	Location	£	s	d
Joh Glen, Barber, 28.5.1662 L.C.C. Admon. 1661/74 Appraised at £133.79
Six littell bass bottomed Chaires one wanded Chaire one armed wooden Chaire one buffut Stoole and three littell stooles	In the Hall	0	10	0
One bedstead with a teaster one littel table one littell side table and one buffett Stoole	In the Chamber where Mr Robinson lodgeth	1	7	0
One livery cupborde with three buffet stooles and one sid table	In the Lodging Chamber	1	0	0
One high wooden Chaire for a Child and one low buffet stoole	In the Lodging Chamber	0	4	0
Two painted basse Bottomed Chaires armed and two lesser Chaires	In the Lodging Chamber	0	6	0
Two high covered Chaires two high covered stooles and one littell stoole	In the Lodging Chamber	0	10	0
One trunck one russe box one deske and one box thre dozen of trenshers one littel stoole and other small things	In the Clossett within that Chamber	0	10	0
One littel trunck three chists foure littell boxes two chaires and two littell stooles	In the Childrens Chamber	0	18	6
One little long Settle and Smothing board for Clothes	In the Childrens Chamber	0	1	6
Six turkey wrogt stooles five covered chaires	In the Chamber where Mr Wright lodgeth	1	18	0
One long Settele three Chaires one littel table one deske and thre Cushons	In the Shoppe	0	15	0
Charles Clarke , Blacksmith The Bail , 14.1.1664 Prob. Inv. 162/61 Appraised at £63.12
One table Six joynd Stooles one livery Cubbord one trucked bedd one wainscote Chest three Chayres with other (h)ushlements	In ye parler next ye streete	1	6	8
A long table and a little table one long forme twoe stooles seven bast chares one Safe	In ye haule	0	15	0
Twoe little tables two little formes one livery Coubbard three bedsteads twoe with beding with other things	In ye Great Chamber next ye street	1	15	0
Twoe bedsteads with beding one livery Cubbard one chayre one little table with other things	In ye little Chamber	2	6	8
Katerne Sewell, Widow (Dyer), 9.8.1664 Prob. Inv. 164/90 Appraised at £219.74
One high standinge Cupboard one litle table and 4 Chares and one Cupboard Cloth two Cushans and one Safe and one long table	In the Hall	1	10	0
One long table two other tables One forme 6 buffett stoolles and six Chaires two Carpetts 6 Cushiones one livery Cupboard with Cloth and other Utensilis	In the Parlour	0	4	0
Benjamin Marshall, Mercer, 18.1.1665 L.C.C. Admon. 1667/131 Appraised at £1,203.77
Sixteen covered chayrs	In the Greate Chamber	3	4	0
One bedstead with Two feather beds, hangings rugg and coverings, A Table and carpett. Seven Chayrs and Stooles A fire-iron tongs and shovell	In the Inner garrett Chamber	7	1	0
Six chayres three stooles, A Violl, A Table and carpet with other implements	In the Outer garrett Chamber	3	2	0
Three Tables Three Carpetts thirteen Chayres, Eyght joynt stooles Nine green stuff qushions. A fire grate, tongs and shovell, with other implements, A Livery Cupboard and carpet Three fowling pieces, A clocke, a Spitt Jacke, A glass Case and glasses, An hanging cupboard A Case of knives, a standard, a lookeing glass	In the Hall	9	7	6
A stand bedstead with old hangings a Truckle bedstead with a Cupboard and a carpett, and potts, three old chayres fewer stooles, A close stoole, and pan, a lookeing glass, a fire iron, a payre of Endirons of brass, a Truncke with other implements	In the Chamber over the pantree more	3	8	4
Two nests of Drawers an old Table and a Chayre	In the Studdy in the Shop	0	6	8
A Great old Cupboard a joynt stoole, with divers glasses and white stone plate	In the pantree	1	0	6
A Table, Sixe old chayres, Two pastie peeles, Two shelves with other implements	In the Kitching more	0	10	0
Thomas Lewis , Labourer , 9.1.1667 Prob. Inv. 166/43 Appraised at £12.72
One Cubard one table one forme 4 bast chares 4 buffitt stooles with other implements	In the Hall	1	0	0
John Featley, Doctor of Divinity. In his Dignity house of the Close of Lincoln, 21.3.1667 Di 38/2/10 Appraised at £207.80
Thirteen Rushia Leather Chaires		3	10	0
A Table and forme	In the Little Hall	0	6	8
A dozen and halfe of Turkey worke Chaires	In the Dyneing Roome	8	0	0
Three Spanish tables and two foote stooles	In the Dyneing Roome	0	8	0
Foure Chaires and foure stooles suitable to the bed	In the Straingers Chamber	3	10	0
Seaven Chaires and two stooles	In the Chamber over ye Parlour	1	4	0
Two wanded Chaires a Seller of Bottles and Close stoole Box	In the Chamber over ye Parlour	0	6	0
Two Close Stoole pans a Candlestick and a bottle	Pewter in the Kitchen	0	11	0
Mr. John Towndrow, (Baker), 26.11.1668 Prob. Inv. 168/76 Appraised at £58.07
A Table two joynt stooles with other woodden Lumber	Pan Mettle	0	10	0
In the same Chamber six bas-bothomd Chaires six quishions one paire of end-irons and one binch	In the Chamber	0	7	6
In the same parlor one Closse-press one table three seelled stooles one Chist one box one seeing glase one forme with some other Iplements	In the parlor	1	4	6
Three little-tables one Cobert one long sadle two formes one Wanded-Chaire one ould Arme-Chaire three basbothomed Chaires three quishions one joyned stoole	In the hall	1	9	2
William Norton, Maltster. St. Swithin, 17.3.1670 Prob. Inv. 172/264 Appraised at £452.91
One Great table, 3 stooles, 1 forme	In his Lodgings Parller	0	13	4
One wicker Chaire, 1 other Chaire, 5 Cushions, 1 Warming Pann with other Implements	In his Lodgings Parller	1	0	0
One old drawtable, 1 old Liverie Cubert, 1 forme, 2 Chaires with other Implements	In the Hall	1	0	0
2 Cuberts, 2 litle tables, 1 Safe, one Long Settle, 2 Joynid Chaires, 5 other Chaires, and 3 Stooles	In the Kitchin	1	3	6
1 Table with a Cubert i n 't, Joynid Chaires 1 other Chaire 1 box	In the Nue Chamber	0	6	8
Richard Hazelteine, (Labourer) St. Michaels in the Mount, (.. ..) 1670 Prob. Inv. 172/321 Appraised at £5.46
One table: one forme: one Livera Cubert one long Sattle these things of valew	In the house	0	10	0
One wanded Chaire five bast Chaires	In the house	0	4	0
Eden Williams, (Bookseller) St. Martins, 11.12.1671 Prob.Inv. 173/387 Appraised at £153.71
(...) 1 low Chaire 2 stooles 2 Carpetts Irish (...)	In the Parlor	2	12	0
(..) Cloth Chaire 2 Cloth Chaires Cloth stooles one wanded Chaire one (...)	The Chamber over the parlor	1	4	0
1 trunke 2 old Chaires one livery Cubberd and Cloth and other implyments	The Chamber over the pantree	0	10	0
(...) bedstead Curtaine and Vallence one Close (...) one Curtaine one Side table and Carpitt one old Chaire one Stand one box one glass case and glasses	In the passage Chamber	0	13	0
(...) tubb one dresser board one old forme one watring tubb one wash tubb 2 wooden horese one (..) boules 2 Kitts and other Lumber there	In the Kittchinge	0	16	0
2 smale draw tables 1 great armed leather Chaire 7 other leather Chaires 2 leather stooles one bast Chaire	In the Pantree	1	18	8
One wainscott Chair one haire brush	In the entree	0	2	6
One old cubbert one firr table and 2 Chaires	In the entree	0	5	0
One longe settle bed	In the hall house	0	4	0
5 bast Chaires	In the hall house	0	1	6
3 ioynt stooles	In the hall house	0	3	0
One screene one smale Child Chaire	In the hall house	0	5	0
George Shoosmith, Glaissyar, 8.4.1672 Prob. Inv. 175/201 Appraised at £38.85
One Cubard Eighte Chayrs three Tabules and three trunkes one box and two stoules	In ye parlyar	2	0	0
Two brasse pannes one stille a fiame forme galla baucke and hoockes and sevarell othar Implmantes	In ye kitchen and butery	0	6	8
John Dawsons, (Farmer) St. Peters Parish in Eastgate , 24.4.1672 Prob. Inv. 175/234 Appraised at £159.42
One Cubbert 2 Tables and one furme Three Chaires and 2 Buffit stooles	In the Hall	1	3	4
Two Bedsteads with beding to them 2 little Tables Six Chaires 2 Chists 2 Buffit Stooles with other Lumber	In the Parler	4	13	4
William Kent, Gentleman (Maltster) St. Swithins , (.. ..) 1672 Prob. Inv. 175/29 Appraised at £951.23
4 Tables, 5 chares, one napkin press with brass Land Iron and bosses and other utensilis	In the Hall	3	5	4
2 Spanish tables 2 guilded Leather Carpetts, 16 Rushy chairs and cupboard and a Sute of brasses	In the Parlor	4	17	4
One french Bedstead with other furniture aboutt it with hangings, 8 chairs and stooles, 2 truncks one Chest with 12 pair of Linnen sheets 8 table cloths, 1 dozen of diaper napkins, 1 dozen of towells and other utensilis	In the Chamber over ye Hall	20	0	0
Mary Nickinson, Widow. St. Swithins , 29.5.1673 Prob. Inv. 174/21 Appraised at £106.44
One draw table a livery Cuberd a Cubbert table two joynt chaires four joynt stooles a press for to press cloaths in six nedlework stooles fifteen Cushions a paire of endirons and landirons a wheele and other implements	Goods in the Parlor	3	7	4
One long table two formes seaven buffitt stooles and the irons in the chimeney four old chaires a little table and other implements	In the Hall	1	5	6
Three little firr deale boxes one wanded chaire and other implements	In the Chamber over the Hall	0	4	6
Sissie Peacock, St. Benedicts , 31.12.1673 L.C.C. Admon. 1673/85 Appraised at £25.61
1 furme 6 chares	the hall Hous	0	10	6
1 table 4 buffit stooles at and 1 Cubbert	in the parler	0	16	0
3 Chares and tw Cusshon	in the parler	0	4	0
Thomas White, (Wool Merchant) St. Mark, 3.2.1674 Prob. Inv. 174/228 Appraised at £244.49
One table one forme and seaven joynt stooles	In the Hall	0	17	0
Six chaires one long settle two short forms	In the Hall	0	10	4
One long table, six chaires 4 cushions	In the parlour	0	19	6
One liverie cupboard three leather stooles and arme chaire	In the great chamber	0	10	0
One cupboard and cloth 3 chaires and 4 stooles and one lookeing glass	In the little chamber	1	0	0
Six chaires 2 stooles curtaines and vallence	In the little chamber	4	0	0
One chest and a desk and a chaire	In the Kitching chamber	0	5	0
Elixabeth Bate, St. Michael on Mount, 28.2.1674 L.C.C. Admon. 1673/7 Appraised at £10.73
Six Lether Chaires two seild Chaires one Livery Cupbord and Carpett two Matted Chaires and five Cushions with other implements	In her Lodging Chamber	2	0	0
One Screene one Close stoole with a pann and other implements	In her Lodging Chamber	0	10	0
Jefre Wood, (Labourer) St. Martins, (.. ..) 1675 L.C.C. Admon. 1675/111 Appraised at £4.06
One table and A furm		0	4	0
Thre Chares		0	1	6
William Atkinson, Tayler, 11.1.1676 Prob. Inv. 177/144 Appraised at £30.64
One long Table foure buffit stooles	In the low Roome	0	15	0
One Press Cubbert and a long Saddle	In the low Roome	0	12	0
One Screene Six plaine Chaires and a little Table	In the low Roome	0	12	0
One Chest and One Wanded Chaire	In the Best Chamber	0	13	4
Six green Chaires and foure Cushens	In the Best Chamber	0	13	4
John Langforth, Whitesmith St. Martins, 7.10.1676 Prob. Inv. 179/222 Appraised at £72.01
Wood. A Cupborde, a Table, a Dresser, 8 Chaires with basse bottomes	In the Hall	0	13	4
A table and Carpett, 2 formes, a Chest, a trunk a Napkin presse, 1 Safe and 2 baskett	In the middle Chamber	1	4	0
A litle table a Cradle 2 Chaires 1 foot pace	In the Lane Chamber	0	8	4
John Wignall, (Brickmaker) St. Buttolph, 19.12.1677 Prob. Inv. 219A/183 Appraised at £317.15
A Table and Six stooles and a forme	In the parlour	1	0	0
5 basse chaires and a wanded Chaire	In the parlour	0	6	0
Mr. Edward Fawkes, Alderman and Upholster, 29.3.1679 L.C.C. Admon. 1679/79 Appraised at £141.61
One Table 2 stooles 1 Elbow Chare	In the House	0	7	6
7 bast Chares	In the House	0	2	4
11 set worke Chares at 6s 6d	In the Parler	3	11	6
2 Tables 5 buffet stools 7 Lether Chares	In the Street Chamber	2	14	0
2 Trunkes 1 old wanded Chare and a stand	In the Street Chamber	0	13	4
2 old credles 1 Childs Chare 2 bast Chares	In the Little Chamber	0	5	0
One Truckle bed 2 stooles 2 Chists	In the Garett	0	18	0
1 Close stoole	In the shop	0	4	0
21 pair of stoole and small stringe 3s 6d	In the shop	3	14	0
6 Chare frames	In the shop	0	9	0
Henery Mitchell, (Haberdasher), 14.4.1679 Di 39/1/134 Appraised at £379.33
1 dozen red Chaires	In ye Hall Chambe	2	8	0
2 Leather Chaires	In the Kitchin	0	18	0
2 bass Chaires	In the Kitchin	0	1	4
Robert Pearson, Waterman - St. Swithins, 28.8.1679 Prob. Inv. 180/236 Appraised at £46.33
One Cupboard 4 joynt Chaires 2 Tables 2 Chests one Oake press 2 boxes one joynt stoole 5 bass bottam'd Chaires	In the house	1	15	0
Abigaile Watson, Widow. (Saddler) St. Peter Arches , 1.9.1679 Prob. Inv. 180/242 Appraised at £288.04
8 Bass and Wanded Bottom chaires at 6d	In the House	0	4	0
1 Long Settle 3s 4d 1 Looking Glass 4s	In the House	0	3	4
1 stand to Wash on 8d; 2 Stooles 18d	In the House	0	1	6
3 Stools	In the Stables	0	1	6
Henry Wanleste, The Close, 6.9.1679 Prob. Inv. 180/248 Appraised at £23.11
One Iron grate with endirons and brass bosses, one litle table two Leather Chaires three stooles some small pictures the hangings of the roome with the window Curtains being greene baise	In the Hall Chamber	0	14	6
Three basse chaires one table and a brass candlestike	In the Hall	0	2	0
Two Chaires A fire iron with two brasses and two old enirons some old pictures	In the great Parlor	0	11	0
One deske a Close Stool and pann	In the Litle Parlor	0	7	6
Foure wooden Chaires	In the Kitching Chamber	0	2	0
2 Litle tables 4 basse Chaires 2 dressers a Stoole 4 pewter porringers with other small utensilis	In the Kitching	0	5	0
William Browne, Goldsmith, 21.1.1680 Prob. Inv. 180/252 Appraised at £643.55
Two litle tables and one dozen of chaires and one furme	In the Hall	0	11	6
Two litle tables fourteene wood chaires at	In the roome next street	1	14	0
Foure stooles and one landiron with endiro	In the roome next street	0	7	0
One dozen of Rushy leather chaires at	In the parlor	3	0	0
Nine leather chaires at one wanded chaire at	In the litle Chamber next the Street	1	10	0
One litle table and 3 bass chaires at	In the Garrett over the said litle Chamber	0	1	6
One table and one litle livery cupboard and 5 chaires	In the great Chamber next the Street	0	10	0
Three chaires and one chest	In the Chamber over the hall	0	5	0
One Trunke one chest and 4 chaires at	In the Garrett over the parlor	0	15	0
4 hoggesheads 2 chaires with severall other things and a little landiron and some vinegar and small beare	In the kitching	2	0	0
Henry Corbet, Doctor of Physick. St. Margaret in Close, 9.11.1680 Di 37/3/112 Appraised at £893.92
Foureteene Chaires and one Couch a stove and fire Irons belonging to it, a Chimney peice and a door peice with two Tables a Glascase and two Window Curtaines	In the best parlour	10	6	8
One round Table foure Chaires one Long stoole, one fire grate one old presse with ye hangings and other huslements within the said parlour	In the little parlour	2	10	0
One Table six leather Chaires one forme and a screene	In the Hall	1	13	4
One Table with a Leather Carpet twelve Chaires and foure Cushions Guilt Leather hangings a Chimney peice and some pictures belonging to the staire Case and one fire grate	In the Dyneing Roome	26	10	0
The Bed and bedding and furniture thereunto belonging with the hangings of the Roome, Chaires and other things there	In the matted Chamber	26	0	0
The bed and bedding and furniture to the same belonging with ye hangings Chest of drawers Dressing boxes Chaires and other things belonging to the same Roome	In the best Chamber	62	0	0
One bedstead with two feather beds Curtaines, and the hangings of the Roome with Chaires five pictures and other things there	In the yellow Chamber	12	10	0
One Bed and bedding two tables six Chaires the hangings about the Roome and other utensilis there	In the Red Chamber	9	10	0
George Biron, (Farmer) St. Martins, 23.5.1681 Prob. Inv. 182/33 Appraised at £108.17
One wainscott Chest one livery Cubbert one table 2 buffet stooles and a deske	In the Chamber over the entrie	1	0	0
2 leather Chaires and one glass Case	In the Chamber over the entrie	0	5	0
One livery Cubbert 2 Chests one Chaire table	In the north Chamber	0	17	6
8 bumble Chaires	In the north Chamber	0	4	0
One livery Cubbert one smale table one wanded Chaire 5 bumble Chaires one paire of bellowes	In the Kitchinge	0	14	0
John Leach, Gentleman (Grocer & Brewer), 7.1.1682 Prob. Inv. 182a/230 Appraised at £299.50
6 Rushey Lether Chares A Couch Chare A Table Cobards Jack Andirons Hookes with other things	In ye hows	3	10	0
A bedstead, fether bed boulster and pillows Rug blankitts Curtaines 2 Chests, with Lining sheets Towels napkings 4 Chares and other Things	In the Chamber over the hows	5	0	0
Hangings of the Roome 13 reeded wrought Chares and stooles A bedstead, fether bed, boulster, pillows, and other Beding Curtains with Severall other Things	In the Chamber over the Shopp	5	10	0
A french Bedstead mat, cord, Cortaine rods A long Table Two Joyned forms Another Table A glas Case A peuter Case dresser 2 hodgsheads A Copper and Grate 3 Larg brewin Tubs underbeck, Soe and other Things	Att John Johnsons hows	11	0	0
William Peart, Gentleman (Coffee House Proprietor) St. Mary Magdalene, 21.3.1682 Di 39/2/53 Appraised at £157.76
Foure tables, two formes nineteene basse bottom'd Chaires and one Buffet stoole	In the Hall	(..	..	..)
One Table one forme five Chaires one Deske two Voyders and a seeing Glasse	In the Chequer Chamber	1	5	6
One table one forme four Trunkes two Boxes, one Close Stoole and pann Trenchers and other Lumber	In the Garret	1	10	8
Two tables and Carpets fifteen Chaires and Stooles, two Window Curtaines and Rods, one paire And Irons with brasses fire shovel tonges a grate and other Lumber	In the Best Chamber	4	0	0
One Bed and Bedstead with the furniture thereunto belonging One Table and Carpet with five Chairs and other things in a Closet in the same Roome	In the little Chamber next ye best Chamber	4	10	0
Richard Ellis, (Whipmaker), 24.5.1682 Di 38/1/86 Appraised at £13.95
Chair and Cushion		0	1	2
Cross stool		0	0	6
Mr. Richard Winne, Alderman (Pewterer) St. Martins, 12.3.1683 L.C.C. Admon. 1683/127 Appraised at £59.22
One Draw table 3 Joynt stooles	In the parlor next ye street	0	18	0
6 red leather Chaires	In the parlor next ye street	0	18	0
Window Curtaines and rods one pickture Close stool and pan	In the parlor next ye street	0	7	0
One draw table one forme 4 stooles Joint	In the hall or house	0	13	4
One smale white table 6 bast Chaires one wanded Chaire one little wooden Chaire	In the hall or house	0	8	0
One black and yellow low stoole and implyments	In the Inner parlor	0	1	0
1 water mb 1 low stoole and other implyments	In the Kitchine	0	1	6
2 Armd Chaires 5 wrought Chaires 10 stooles	In the best Chamber	1	17	6
3 Joint Chaires and a little stoole	In the next chamber to ye best Chamber	0	7	0
Thomas Eure, Gentleman (Farmer), 19.6.1684 Prob. Inv. 185A/194 Appraised at £947.57
One Long table one forme	In ye Hall	2	0	0
Foure Chaires one wanded Chaire	In ye Kitchin	0	7	0
Fifteene leather chaires	In the little parlour	3	1	0
Two tables three wainscote chaires one bass chaire one forme	In ye parlour over ye cellar	1	6	8
One table one glascase one little Cupboard 2 Joynd stooles	In ye pantry	0	6	8
Six Chaires	In ye best Chamber	2	0	0
One table one livery cupboard three chaires	In ye pantry Chamber	0	8	0
One table one chaire one Lookeing glass	In ye little Chamber	0	4	0
Five Chaires	In ye Kitchen Chamber	0	5	0
One skreene one stoole	In ye Kitchen Chamber	0	6	0
William Evison, Gentleman (Timber merchant), 16.5.1685 Prob. Inv. 186/237 Appraised at £381.00
Five Chares one Stoole	In the Chamber over the Hall	0	14	0
Five chares one Couch one Stoole	In the Parlor Chamber	1	0	(..)
Twelve Leather Chares	In the Parlor	1	16	0
One Forme and Stoole	In the Hall	0	3	0
Five Wanded Chares	In the Hall	0	2	4
One great Wanded Chare	In the Hall	0	1	0
Robert Burtons, Gardener (Weaver) St. Martins, 9.7.1688 Prob. Inv. 188/70 Appraised at £87.31
A Trundle Bedd and a paire of Blanketts five Chares Two Chests, one side board Table, Two Stooles	In the parlor	1	0	0
A Chest of Drawers and a wanded Chaire	In the parlor	1	0	(..)
Dresser Board and Two pewter Casses Two Tables six bast Chares Three paire of Scales and Weights with other lumber	In the House	1	0	0
Thomas Hill, (Confectioner) St. Markes, 16.7.1688 Prob. Inv. 187/13 Appraised at £53.35
For a Liverrah Cuberd and a Table in ye Littell Chambr with Ten Chares	In ye Towe Chambers	0	10	0
One Wandin Chare and a Voyder	In ye Towe Chambers	0	4	0
1 Longe Table with a furme and Stoules Beloning	In ye Towe Chambers	0	6	(..)
Roger Wood, Glover St. Botolph, 29.8.1688 Prob. Inv. 188/163 Appraised at £20.63
One pres 1 pare of drawers and glascase 2 small tabels 5 chares one stoule one small glascase and a few bookes	In the house	0	13	4
William Houghton, The Castle of Lincoln, 13.1.1695 Prob. Inv. 191/16 Appraised at £485.16
One table, Six Chaires one Landime one Lookeing glass and Sevrall od things	Inn the Best chamber	2	10	0
One form and Large press	Inn the Dining Roome	0	13	0
Two beds and ye fumituer to 'em and foure Chaires	Inn the two Bed Chamber	6	0	0
One table foure Chairs and Severall od things	In the Great Chamber	1	6	8
Two tables one form one Landirn a dresor two Chairs a Kitt and severall od things	In the Kitihon	4	0	0
Two tables one Bedstead and a Chist of drawers a press and Eight Chairs one Landime and Severall other od things	Inn the first Roome	6	10	0
One table and Six Chairs and Severall other od things	Inn the George	0	10	0
Two bedsteads and a table and Chaire	Inn the Little Gaite	0	2	6
Michael Drake, Clerk. St. Swithins, 31.3.1696 Prob. Inv. 192/368 Appraised at £38.30
Three Trunks, a wanded Chair a Table and a Stand	In ye Matted Chamber	0	13	4
Two Tables, five Chairs and four Stools with some other things	In ye Parlour	1	0	0
A Couch chair, six chairs, six cushions, a stool frame, eight woodden bowles, two small Tables and a Cupboard	In ye Kitchin	0	13	4
John Dring, Joyner. Saint peeters in ye arches, 4.12.1696 Prob. Inv. 192/362 Appraised at £174.62
The chist of drawers the cheeres the Looking glassees and pictures	Bed Chamber	3	14	0
The coffins and bedsteds cheere frames turning frames a still and pot to it	The garrat	5	0	0
The 2 sawes stoole feet black wood and molds staing stoole wheele rack Bird cage baskit and bock bocks all comes to	The garrat	2	4	4
The wallnut chist of drawers stooles pewter case a cooller washing tubs and other things	The hall	9	7	0
The tables and cheeres 3 guns one pair of wooden srewes glew a ston and half all	The Kichin	3	11	0
The stools and cheere feet and rales 2 gun stocks with other peicees	The Shop in ye Street	0	17	0
Robert Douce, Gentleman (Innholder) Angell in the Baile, 15.6.1698 Prob. Inv. 193/394 Appraised at £493.13
Seaven Chairs a Table Cupboard and stand two feather bedds boulsters and pillows two bedsteads Curtaines and Vallens with Ruggs blanketts Quilt hangings of the roome and other things	In the chamber called the Hart	13	12	0
Seaven Chairs one Table one bedd with the bedding thereunto belonging and hangings of the Room	In the Angell	10	10	0
Ten Chairs two Stooles Livery Cupboard two bedds with bedding Curtaines Vallens hangings of roome and other things	In the Crowne	(..	..	..)
Six Caine Chairs two stools Table and Cupboard two bedsteads with beds and bedding belonging to them Ruggs blanketts hangings of the roome and other Utensilis	In the Damix	10	4	9.5
Two bedsteads two feather beds boulsters pillows curtains rods vallens ruggs and Curtaines two chairs a stool and Cupboard	In the black Swan	10	6	5
Three featherbeds boulsters and pillows ruggs blankets Counterpaines bedsteads and two Chaires a Stool Cupboard and other Utensilis intheroom	In the Bell	8	19	7.5
One bedstead featherbed boulster pillows curtains and vallens rug blanketts Counterpaine hangings of the roome eleaven chaires a slate Table and other things	In the great Sun	13	17	9
Three featherbeds boulsters pillows ruggs blankets three Bedsteads a table two formes two chairs with other utensils in the roome	In the little Sun	11	5	3
Twenty two Turky work Chairs four Tables and a Looking Glass	In the great Cross	(..	..	..)
One featherbed boulster pillows hangings of the bed Counterpaine blankets hangings of the roome two Caine chairs a table and looking glass with other things	In the Little Cross	14	0	0
Two feather beds Curtaines Vallens Rugg Coverlid blanketts two bedsteads three chaires a table and other goods	In the Nursery	3	9	0
One feather bed boulster Pillows Bedstead vallens curtaines six cane Chaires a Table 2 stands and other goods	In the Study	9	5	5
Nyne Chaires one Table one press bed Ironworke curtaines fringe feather bed boulster pillows and other things	In the Starr	7	18	8.5
Six cane chaires one Table one feather bed boulster pillows curtaines vallens bedstead counterpaine and blanketts and other things	In the office	12	9	10
Five chaires one Table bedstead flock bed boulster pillows blanketts and other things	In the new buildings	4	0	0
Two feather beds two boulsters pillows bedsteads curtaines vallens rugs blanketts three chaires one Table with other things	In the Red Lyon	4	10	6
Nynne chaires one bench one table hangings of the roome with the two bedsteads two featherbeds Bolsters pillows ruggs blanketts Curtaines vallens and other things	n the Great Green	12	10	10.5
Two chaires a Table two bedsteads two featherbeds boulsters pillows blankets Rugg Quilt and other things	In the Little Green	6	3	0.5
One bedstead Shelves three tables and a chair	In the hall and Closet over the Porch	0	10	0
A particon one Table and one forme	In the Little Hall	0	8	0
Seaven Spanish Tables two Dressers hen pen Troughs window Shutts three Close Stooles and other Utensilis	In the Drying Roome	5	0	0
Sixteen Chaires and three Tables and other Things	In the further Parlour and Nearer Parlour	5	0	0
Two Copper Canns two Sconces and 3 bras stool pans	In the Kitchin	1	0	0
A Table Bench and particon all the Knifes and forkes	In the Bowsers	0	16	0
Thomas Feris, Glover (Tanner and Brewer), 15.4.1700 Prob. Inv. 194/289 Appraised at £393.52
3 ovill tables 30s. 14 chares 10s. 12 pickters 9s. one fire iron and endirons and hookes and other irons belonging to it 16s 8d 2 spits and a pare of belowes 2s6d	In the Hall	0	10	0
One seeing glas 15s one chist of draures 15s 9 chares 16s one fire grate and shovell and tongs 5s	In the best Chameber	0	16	0
6 chares in the same roume	In the seccond Chameber	0	6	0
2 flagons 5s., 5 candlesticks 6s., 1 frying pan 4s, one dreser 12s, one table and 3 stoules and 3 chares 5s	In the citching	0	5	0
Elizabeth Manby, 7.5.1701 Prob. Inv. 195/20 Appraised at £861.38
In the same two Table Nine Chaires Eight wrought Cushons	The farthermost Chamber	1	15	0
In the same Roome five Chaires one Table one Dressing Box with Tapestry Hangings	In the Middle chamber	2	10	0
One lookeing Glass one Table one Squab tenn Chaires ten damask Cushons one damask Carpett and a Damask Couch Bed	In the Dineing Room	9	0	0
In the same Roome five Chaires covered with Velvet one Nest of Drawers one Trunk two Tables and one Box	In the best Chamber	2	10	0
Fourteen Turky work Chaires one Ovell Table	In the Hall	2	0	0
One Table Six Chaires with other Utensilis not seen	In the Kitchin	2	0	0
Richard Green, (Brewer) St. Swithins, 14.6.1701 Prob. Inv. 195/245 Appraised at £670.80
One Ovel table and 18 Leather chares	In ye Hall	3	10	0
Two Little tables 6 chares and all other furniture there	In ye Kitchin	0	12	0
7 Cain chares	The Chamber over ye hall	2	10	0
4 Chares and other things there	The Chamber next	0	16	0
Some Chares and A Little table and Look. Glass	The Chamber over ye Kitchen	0	17	0
1 Chest of drawers 1 table and 4 chares	The Chamber over ye Sellar	1	11	6
1 Couch chare and other odd things	The back chamber	0	10	0
George Wright, Chandler Bale, 3/4.8.1702 L.C.C. Admon. 1702/1 Appraised at £356.71
For 6 turky work Chairs 2 tables 2 Stands pictures potts and other Small things	In ye Hall	0	16	0
2 tables 9 Caine Chairs 1 turky Chair pictures and potts of ye Chimney peice	The Parlor	2	8	8
For hangings in ye Roome 6 Chairs Stooles and Stands and Glasses and things over ye Chimney 2 little glass and a side bord cloth	The Chamber next Street	0	19	0
Chest of drawers Cubbord 3 Chairs and white potts	The Green Room	0	16	0
Mr. William Norris, (Steward of the Choiristers The Close and Singing Master), 12.9.1702 D. & C. Wills 27/8 Appraised at £80.14
An ovall Table and nine Chairs	In ye Roome cald ye Hall	0	14	0
Six Cane Chairs and one arm'd Chair	The Parlour	1	4	0
Two Cover'd Stooles	The Parlour	0	3	0
A little Table and Six Cane Chairs	The Best Chamber	1	2	0
Six old Leathern Chairs	The Green Chamber	0	6	0
An old Table and Six chairs	The Best garrett	0	3	8
Dresser Pewter Case Tables forms Hen pen and Chairs	In the Kitchen	0	10	0
James Osburne, (Linen Draper) St. Peter Arches, 9.10.1702 L.C.C. Admon. 1702/50 Appraised at £864.80
1 fier grate with fier Shufle and tongues 7 Chares 2 tabells and other odd things there to value	In the first low roome	1	5	0
1 ovill tabell 6 Chares and some bottles an ould bed stead an ould chare and 5 beesoms some pitt coale a washing tub and an ould barrell	In the little Parler	2	18	4
1 bedstead with hangings and a little fether bed and 6 Chares	In the middle Chamber	2	15	0
4 paire window Curtins and an ould bed stead with ye beding 1 little tabell 1 stoole 2 boxes	In the best Chamber	1	14	0
Godfrey Hanson, Miller St. Michaels Mount, 2.10.1703 Prob. Inv. 197/44 Appraised at £53.40
One large Oake Table and three Stoles with a little furr Table 8 bass Chayres one bad wanded Chayre all in the house		0	10	0
Two bedds and bedding with 2 feather bedds all thereunto belonging 2 Chests one Screene with one bass Chayre	In the Little Chamber	3	1	6
One bedstead and featherbed and all thereunto belonging to the bedd one little stoole one Trunke six bass Chayres Coloured one wanded Chayre one press Cubbard	In the Large Chamber	3	5	0
William Pell, Victuler, 6.7.1706 L.C.C. Admon. 1706/92 Appraised at £80.85				0
Two armed Chairs four bass chairs and some ordinary pictures	In the Hall	0	16	0
Two tables two stools and eight ordinary Chairs	In the Kitchin	0	10	0
One Chest of drawers one oake ovall table one other little table a small box and eight bass Chairs	In the best Parlour	1	7	0
One bed with all its furniture seven ordinary chairs and one draw bed	In the parlour Chamber	3	5	0
One bed with the furniture one Chest six ordinary chairs and a small table	In the house Chamber	3	0	0
John Hobman, (Butcher), 2.1.1707 Prob. Inv. 200/34 Appraised at £38.53
Thre Tables and twelve Chares	In the house	0	10	0
Two Chists of drawers 9 Chares one stoole and hanging Shelves one Iron graite fire Shovell and tongues with other meterialls	In the Chamber over the house	2	10	0
Six Chares one Stoole one table 3 boxes 2 Cushons with other things	In the Chamber over the Shopp	0	10	4
Two wheeles one Chare 2 Stooles 2 boxes one Chist one Sidsadle one pillion Seate With other meterialls	In the Garrat	0	13	6
William Faux, Alderman (Mercer and Maltster), 10.5.1708 L.C.C. Admon. 1708/52 Appraised at £1,000.50
Seaven Cain Chairs	In ye Parlour	0	17	6
6 bass Chairs	In ye Hall	0	2	0
6 Dutch Matted Chairs	In ye Chamber Over ye Hall	0	9	0
William Warriner, Cordwinder St. Martins, .. .. 1712 Prob. Inv. 203/381 Appraised at £36.55
One ovill table one other table 6 Chaires	In ye House	0	16	8
Charles Newcomen, Woollen Draper, (...). 1713 L.C.C. Admon. 1714/65 Appraised at £468.52
13 bass botton Chaires att 8d	Goods in ye Hall	0	8	0
6 Chaires a pair of Bellows and some other things	Goods in ye Kitchen	0	2	0
12 Cane Chaires att 2s 6d	In the Dineing roome	1	10	0
8 Cane Chaires att 4s	In the Best Chamber	1	12	0
1 Easey Chaire	In the Best Chamber	0	15	0
9 Bass Chaires	In ye other Chamber	0	9	0
A wanded Chair and 2 others	In the Nursery Chamber	0	3	0
Margret Lees, St. Switterns, 20.7.1714 Prob. Inv. 204/153 Appraised at £1.63
One table Six chairs and a livery cupboard	In ye house	0	2	0

Table 2 - Introduction & Summary

All entries were analysed according to content.  1,615 items of seating were identified. Where possible the chairs, forms and stools have been grouped according to broad similarity of type. Where a plural word is used but no number is specified I have assumed, for the purpose of analysis, that one or more means 2. Nearly half the items (739 or 45.8%) merely say "chair(s)" or "stool(s)" or lump chairs and stools together.  Where it is clear which is which, the split is 80% chairs to 20% stools. That leaves 876 items (54.2%) which are somewhat better described.  Of those, 662 (75.6%) are chairs, 55 (6.3%) are forms, 146 (16.7%) are stools, and 13 (1.4%) are chairs & stools lumped together.

Those items 876 have been counted and placed in groups as follows. Chairs: Rush, cane & wicker chairs, Leather chairs, Embroidered & covered chairs, Simple chairs, Joined & armchairs, Painted chairs, Couches, & Chair parts. Forms, settles and benches have been treated as a single group. Stools have been split between stools and stool parts.

The Description column follows the groups set out above with the individual sub-groups set under the appropriate heading. The legend shows which spelling variants (of which there are many) have been grouped together. Quantity is self-explanatory, subject to the assumption about unquantified plural words mentioned above. % of total for each group and sub-group shows % of the whole item group of 1,615 items. % of 876 shows the proportion only of the better described items, which is slightly more meaningful.

The broad picture, expressed as % of 876, that emerges is as follows: Rush, cane & wicker chairs amount to 33.8% (296); Leather chairs 16.7% (146), Embroidered & covered chairs 11.8% (103), Simple chairs 6.5% (57), Joined & armchairs 3.5% (31), Painted chairs 2.1% (18), Couches 0.6% (5), & Chair parts 0.7% (6).  Forms, settle and benches amount to 6.5% (55).  Stools amount to 16.7% (146) to which buffet stools 43 (4.9%), joined stools 42 (4.8%), and close stools 12 (1.4%) are the principal contributors.

Where values can be determined, 61 cane chairs averaging 3s 9¾d each were more valuable than 34 rush chairs averaging 8½d each with Dutch Matted chairs being worth double that (1s 6d) on a small sample of only 6.  As to leather, 25 Rushia leather chairs average 5s 2¼d each and 44 lesser leather chairs average 4s 0½d each. Embroidery was worth more, as one might expect. 18 Turkey work chairs were valued at 8s 10½d each. 11 set work chairs were valued at 6s 6d each and 16 covered chairs valued at 4s 0d each.  

A lone long settle was valued at 3s 4d.

Ordinary stools almost never warrant a separate entry (and therefore value) which probably shows how little they were worth.  The only ones separately valued are a close stool (the 17th century portaloo without flush) at 4s 0d, 2 covered stools at 1s 6d each and 3 joined stools at 1s 0d each.


Table 2

Description	Qty	% of 1,615	% of 876	Notes on values & comments
Total Chairs, forms, stools & other seating within 278 extracted entries	1615
Chairs & Stools with no additional type information		As % of all 1615 items		Notes on indicative values: most entries cover many items: approximate value only available where the chairs etc are separately itemised
(old) Chaire / Chayr / Chayre / cheere	555	34.4%
stoole / stoule	138	8.5%
Chayrs / Chairs and Stooles	46	2.8%
Total with no additional type information	739	45.8%		Range from £0 0s 6d to £0 6s 8d; 115 chairs & stools average 2s 6d each
Chairs & Stools & Forms with additional description		54.2%	876
		As % of all 1615 items	As % of 876 better described items	Notes on indicative values
Rush, cane & wicker chairs
(littell) (painted) (Coloured) bass bottomed / bas(-)bothom(e)d bast / with basse bottomes / bass bottam'd / bass botton / Bass and Wanded Cha(i)re / Chayre (armed)	173	10.7%	19.7%	Range from £0 0s 3½d to £0 1s 0d; 61 chairs average 8½d each
Cain(e) / cane Chair	75	4.6%	8.6%	Range from £0 2s 6d to £0 7s 1¾d; 34 chairs average 3s 9¾d each
(old) (Great) (bad) Wanded / Wandin Chaire	26	1.6%	3.0%	£0 0s 5½d for an ordinary one; £0 1s 0d for a great one
bumble Chaire	13	0.8%	1.5%	see under bass chairs
Dutch Matted Chair	6	0.4%	0.7%	6 valued at 1s 6d each
Matted Chaire	2	0.1%	0.2%
wicker Chaire	1	0.1%	0.1%
Total rush, cane & wicker chairs	296	18.3%	33.8%
Leather chairs
(old) leather(n) / lether Chaire	92	5.7%	10.5%	Range from £0 1s 0d to £0 9s 0d; 44 chairs average 4s 0½d each
Rushia / Rush(e)y Leather Chaire	31	1.9%	3.5%	Range from £0 5s 0d to £0 5s 4½d; 25 chairs average 5s 2¼d each
Rushy chair	16	1.0%	1.8%
red leather Chaire	6	0.4%	0.7%	6 valued at 3s 0d each
great armed leather Chaire	1	0.1%	0.1%
Total leather chairs	146	9.0%	16.7%
Embroidered & covered chairs
Turk(e)y worke Chaire	61	3.8%	7.0%	18 valued at £0 8s 10½d each
(high) covered Chaire / chayr	23	1.4%	2.6%	16 valued at 4s 0d each
set worke Chare	11	0.7%	1.3%	11 valued at 6s 6d each
Chaires covered with Velvet	5	0.3%	0.6%
Cloth Chaire	3	0.2%	0.3%
Total embroidered & covered chairs	103	6.4%	11.8%
Simple chairs
ordinary Chair	21	1.3%	2.4%
(little) wooden Chaire	19	1.2%	2.2%	14 valued at 2s 0d each; 2 valued at 0s 6d each
plaine Chaire	6	0.4%	0.7%
wrought Chaire	5	0.3%	0.6%
High wooden (smale) Chaire / Chare for a Child	3	0.2%	0.3%
lesser Chaire	2	0.1%	0.2%
low Chaire	1	0.1%	0.1%
Total simple chairs	57	3.5%	6.5%
Joined & armchairs
Joynid / joynt Chaire	15	0.9%	1.7%
(ould) Arme(d) (wooden) Chaire	8	0.5%	0.9%
wainscott / wainscote Chair	4	0.2%	0.5%
seild Chaire	2	0.1%	0.2%
Easey Chair	1	0.1%	0.1%	1 valued at 15s 0d
Elbow Chare	1	0.1%	0.1%
Total joined & armchairs	31	1.9%	3.5%
Painted chairs
red Chaire	12	0.7%	1.4%	12 valued at 4s 0d each
green Chaire	6	0.4%	0.7%	6 valued at 2s 0d each
Total painted chairs	18	1.1%	2.1%
Couches
Couch	2	0.1%	0.2%
Couch Cha(i)re	3	0.2%	0.3%
Total couches	5	0.3%	0.6%
Chair parts
Chare frames	6	0.4%	0.7%	6 valued at 1s 6d each
All Chairs	662	41.0%	75.6%
Forms, settles and benches
(old) forme / furme / furm	37	2.3%	4.2%
Joyned form	2	0.1%	0.2%
long forme	1	0.1%	0.1%
short form	2	0.1%	0.2%
little forme	2	0.1%	0.2%
(long) sett(e)le / sad(d)le	8	0.5%	0.9%	1 valued at £0 3s 4d
longe settle bed	1	0.1%	0.1%	1 valued at £0 4s 0d
bench	2	0.1%	0.2%
All forms, settles and benches	55	3.4%	6.3%
Stools
Buffut / buffett / (low) buffet / buffit(t) Stool(l)e	43	2.7%	4.9%
joyn(e)d / joynt / joint stoole	42	2.6%	4.8%	3 valued at 1s 0d each
Close stool (Box) (pans)	12	0.7%	1.4%	1 valued at £0 4s 0d
little(l) Stoole	9	0.6%	1.0%
nedlework stoole	6	0.4%	0.7%
turkey wrogt stooles	6	0.4%	0.7%
leather Stoole	5	0.3%	0.6%
(high) covered stoole	4	0.2%	0.5%	2 valued at 1s 6d each
seelled stoole	3	0.2%	0.3%
(yellow) low stoole	2	0.1%	0.2%
Cloth Stoole	2	0.1%	0.2%
foote stoole	2	0.1%	0.2%
Cross stool	1	0.1%	0.1%	1 valued at £0 0s 6d
Long stoole	1	0.1%	0.1%
staing stoole	1	0.1%	0.1%
Total stools	139	8.6%	15.9%
Stool parts etc
stool frame	1	0.1%	0.1%
stoole feet	1	0.1%	0.1%
stools and cheere feet and rales	2	0.1%	0.2%
bras stool pan	3	0.2%	0.3%
Total stool parts etc	7	0.4%	0.8%
All stools	146	9.0%	16.7%
Grouped chairs & stools
reeded wrought Chares and stooles	13	0.8%	1.4%
Total better described chairs, forms & stools	876	54.2%	100.0%

Johnston's observations at p. lxxii on chairs are as follows:

"In ordinary homes the chair had lost its symbolic status as the seat of the greatest in the room though the presence in some halls of one chair distinguished from the others by its higher valuation and sometimes described as ‘armed’ or ‘leather’ shows that tradition still lingered, as it does today. The highest valued chairs in general use were those upholstered in turkey work, most of which by 1661 came from Norwich. These were valued at £0.40 - £0.45 a piece. The cane chairs which became fashionable in the early Restoration period were worth £0.20 - £0.25 each. The clergy round the Cathedral and inn keepers made great use of them. They were fashionable, light, unattractive to moths and easy to dust. Leather upholstered chairs were appraised at £0.15, wickerwork or wanded chairs at £0.1 and the rush bottomed or bass chairs at £0.05. These last were the most common kinds of chairs appraised in the inventories. By comparison there was one appraisal of a flowered satin armchair with a matching set of stools (not included in the selection printed - JP). Settles and stools, especially the buffet stools for use at table, were numerous."

Table 3 - Introduction

The entries were also totalled by group type for each of the 55 persons and the results are shown in Table 3 sorted from most to least.

If your legs needed a rest in late 17th century Lincoln, the place to go was Robert Douce's inn at the Angell in the Baile where you had the choice of nigh on 150 chairs, forms and stools.  

Johnston's observations on Robert Douce at p. lv are as follows:

"One symbol of urban status was the presence of inns. The fourteen miles that separated Lincoln from the Great North Road were sufficient to deprive the city of inns as munificent and vast as those in the towns along the road at Newark, Grantham and Stamford. There were however two or three which could have satisfied the most demanding of guests. The most prestigious Lincoln inn was the Angel in the Bail. The earlier of the two inventories that describe it is printed (45). It must have fulfilled all the necessary functions of a major inn though an inventory will give evidence of only a few of them. It had thirty three rooms offering accommodation, with the best, the Little Cross, having furnishings valued at £14.00. Its cellars contained a good quantity of ale, beer and wines, including Canary the most expensive and fashionable drink of the time. Its bowling green and cockpit are evidence of the social life that would have centred upon such an inn but the inventory can give no indication of the entertainments that would have taken place. Some rooms, for example the Mitre with its elegant furnishings, can indicate the meetings that would have been held for horse and land sales, electioneering and legal business. The rooms too must have provided the setting for discreet marketing in all manner of agricultural produce. 
Douce’s inventory for the Angel in 1698 was one of seventeen inventories describing inns. His successor in 1704 had managed the establishment with few changes to its layout since Douce’s death except that a stable of coach horses worth £50 had been added. The Angel’s nearest rival seems to have been the Reindeer. One of its rooms with furniture and furnishings valued at £28.00 was the most expensively equipped room in any of the Lincoln inns. The inventories of the Angel, the Reindeer and five other inns have the distinctive characteristics of a first rate establishment. All have carefully chosen names for their main rooms. Many of these names provided the names of public houses in the next two centuries, the Lion, the Bull, the Half Moon, Rose and Crown and Fleur de Lys. They all had guest rooms in which appraisers saw furnishings worth more that £10.00. Most had a heavy investment in pewter and linen, most had seating for a hundred or more. All but two had their own brewhouse but only in three was a stock of wine valued. All these inventories were valued at more than £200. Two of the innholders were described as gentlemen."

It is no surprise, therefore that Robert Douce tops the table for chairs.  If you were after a stool Mr Edward Fawkes, Upholster, would doubtless have sold you one or two, as he had 50.

Table 3

No	Name	Total Chairs	Total Forms	Total Stools	Total Mixed	Sum Total	% of Total
1	Robert Douce, Gentleman (Innholder) Angell in the Baile, 15.6.1698, Prob. Inv. 193/394  Appraised at £493.13	131	5	12	0	148	9.2%
2	Mr. Edward Fawkes, Alderman and Upholster, 29.3.1679, L.C.C. Admon. 1679/79 Appraised at £141.61	36	0	50	0	86	5.3%
3	William Browne, Goldsmith, 21.1.1680, Prob. Inv. 180/252 Appraised at £643.55	65	1	4	0	70	4.3%
4	Benjamin Marshall, Mercer, 18.1.1665, L.C.C. Admon. 1667/131 Appraised at £1,203.77	45	0	17	7	69	4.3%
5	John Featley, Doctor of Divinity. In his Dignity house of the Close of Lincoln, 21.3.1667, Di 38/2/10 Appraised at £207.80	44	1	13	0	58	3.6%
6	Charles Newcomen, Woollen Draper, (...). 1713, L.C.C. Admon. 1714/65 Appraised at £468.52	52	0	0	0	52	3.2%
7	Henry Corbet, Doctor of Physick. St. Margaret in Close, 9.11.1680, Di 37/3/112 Appraised at £893.92	49	1	1	0	51	3.2%
8	William Peart, Gentleman (Coffee House Proprietor) St. Mary Magdalene, 21.3.1682, Di 39/2/53 Appraised at £157.76	29	4	2	15	50	3.1%
9	Elizabeth Manby, 7.5.1701, Prob. Inv. 195/20 Appraised at £861.38	49	0	0	0	49	3.0%
10	Joh Glen, Barber, 28.5.1662, L.C.C. Admon. 1661/74 Appraised at £133.79	25	2	21	0	48	3.0%
11	Mr. Richard Winne, Alderman (Pewterer) St. Martins, 12.3.1683, L.C.C. Admon. 1683/127 Appraised at £59.22	24	1	21	0	46	2.8%
12	Thomas Eure, Gentleman (Farmer), 19.6.1684, Prob. Inv. 185A/194 Appraised at £947.57	39	2	3	0	44	2.7%
13	Thomas White, (Wool Merchant) St. Mark, 3.2.1674, Prob. Inv. 174/228 Appraised at £244.49	23	4	16	0	43	2.7%
14	Richard Green, (Brewer) St. Swithins, 14.6.1701, Prob. Inv. 195/245 Appraised at £670.80	42	0	0	0	42	2.6%
15	Mr. William Norris, (Steward of the Choiristers The Close and Singing Master), 12.9.1702, D. & C. Wills 27/8 Appraised at £80.14	36	2	2	0	40	2.5%
16	Eden Williams, (Bookseller) St. Martins, 11.12.1671, Prob.Inv. 173/387 Appraised at £153.71	26	2	9	0	37	2.3%
17	William Pell, Victuler, 6.7.1706, L.C.C. Admon. 1706/92 Appraised at £80.85	35	0	2	0	37	2.3%
18	William Evison, Gentleman (Timber merchant), 16.5.1685 , Prob. Inv. 186/237 Appraised at £381.00	29	1	3	0	33	2.0%
19	William Houghton, The Castle of Lincoln, 13.1.1695, Prob. Inv. 191/16 Appraised at £485.16	31	2	0	0	33	2.0%
20	John Hobman, (Butcher), 2.1.1707, Prob. Inv. 200/34 Appraised at £38.53	28	0	4	0	32	2.0%
21	William Kent, Gentleman (Maltster) St. Swithins, (.. ..) 1672 , Prob. Inv. 175/29 Appraised at £951.23	21	0	0	8	29	1.8%
22	Thomas Feris, Glover (Tanner and Brewer), 15.4.1700, Prob. Inv. 194/289 Appraised at £393.52	26	0	3	0	29	1.8%
23	Mary Nickinson, Widow. St. Swithins, 29.5.1673, Prob. Inv. 174/21 Appraised at £106.44	9	2	17	0	28	1.7%
24	John Leach, Gentleman (Grocer & Brewer), 7.1.1682, Prob. Inv. 182a/230 Appraised at £299.50	11	2	0	13	26	1.6%
25	George Wright, Chandler Bale, 3/4.8.1702, L.C.C. Admon. 1702/1 Appraised at £356.71	19	0	0	6	25	1.5%
26	Charles Clarke, Blacksmith The Bail, 14.1.1664, Prob. Inv. 162/61 Appraised at £63.12	11	3	8	0	22	1.4%
27	William Norton, Maltster. St. Swithin, 17.3.1670, Prob. Inv. 172/264 Appraised at £452.91	13	2	6	0	21	1.3%
28	James Osburne, (Linen Draper) St. Peter Arches, 9.10.1702, L.C.C. Admon. 1702/50 Appraised at £864.80	20	0	1	0	21	1.3%
29	Godfrey Hanson, Miller St. Michaels Mount, 2.10.1703, Prob. Inv. 197/44 Appraised at £53.40	17	0	4	0	21	1.3%
30	Henry Wanleste, The Close, 6.9.1679, Prob. Inv. 180/248 Appraised at £23.11	15	0	5	0	20	1.2%
31	Mr. John Towndrow, (Baker), 26.11.1668, Prob. Inv. 168/76 Appraised at £58.07	11	4	4	0	19	1.2%
32	George Biron, (Farmer) St. Martins, 23.5.1681, Prob. Inv. 182/33 Appraised at £108.17	17	0	2	0	19	1.2%
33	William Faux, Alderman (Mercer and Maltster), 10.5.1708, L.C.C. Admon. 1708/52 Appraised at £1,000.50	19	0	0	0	19	1.2%
34	William Atkinson, Tayler, 11.1.1676, Prob. Inv. 177/144 Appraised at £30.64	13	1	4	0	18	1.1%
35	Michael Drake, Clerk. St. Swithins, 31.3.1696, Prob. Inv. 192/368 Appraised at £38.30	13	0	5	0	18	1.1%
36	Katerne Sewell, Widow (Dyer), 9.8.1664, Prob. Inv. 164/90 Appraised at £219.74	10	1	6	0	17	1.1%
37	Henery Mitchell, (Haberdasher), 14.4.1679, Di 39/1/134 Appraised at £379.33	16	0	0	0	16	1.0%
38	John Dawsons, (Farmer) St. Peters Parish in Eastgate , 24.4.1672, Prob. Inv. 175/234 Appraised at £159.42	9	1	4	0	14	0.9%
39	Sissie Peacock, St. Benedicts, 31.12.1673, L.C.C. Admon. 1673/85 Appraised at £25.61	9	1	4	0	14	0.9%
40	Abigaile Watson, Widow. (Saddler) St. Peter Arches, 1.9.1679, Prob. Inv. 180/242 Appraised at £288.04	8	1	5	0	14	0.9%
41	Robert Burtons, Gardener (Weaver) St. Martins, 9.7.1688, Prob. Inv. 188/70 Appraised at £87.31	12	0	2	0	14	0.9%
42	Thomas Hill, (Confectioner) St. Markes, 16.7.1688, Prob. Inv. 187/13 Appraised at £53.35	1	1	2	10	14	0.9%
43	John Wignall, (Brickmaker) St. Buttolph, 19.12.1677, Prob. Inv. 219A/183 Appraised at £317.15	6	1	6	0	13	0.8%
44	John Langforth, Whitesmith St. Martins, 7.10.1676, Prob. Inv. 179/222 Appraised at £72.01	10	2	0	0	12	0.7%
45	George Shoosmith, Glaissyar, 8.4.1672, Prob. Inv. 175/201 Appraised at £38.85	8	1	2	0	11	0.7%
46	Elixabeth Bate, St. Michael on Mount, 28.2.1674, L.C.C. Admon. 1673/7 Appraised at £10.73	10	0	1	0	11	0.7%
47	John Dring, Joyner. Saint peeters in ye arches, 4.12.1696, Prob. Inv. 192/362 Appraised at £174.62	5	0	6	0	11	0.7%
48	Robert Pearson, Waterman - St. Swithins, 28.8.1679, Prob. Inv. 180/236 Appraised at £46.33	9	0	1	0	10	0.6%
49	Thomas Lewis , Labourer , 9.1.1667, Prob. Inv. 166/43 Appraised at £12.72	4	1	4	0	9	0.6%
50	Richard Hazelteine, (Labourer) St. Michaels in the Mount, (.. ..) 1670, Prob. Inv. 172/321 Appraised at £5.46	6	2	0	0	8	0.5%
51	Roger Wood, Glover St. Botolph, 29.8.1688, Prob. Inv. 188/163 Appraised at £20.63	5	0	1	0	6	0.4%
52	William Warriner, Cordwinder St. Martins, .. .. 1712, Prob. Inv. 203/381 Appraised at £36.55	6	0	0	0	6	0.4%
53	Margret Lees, St. Switterns, 20.7.1714, Prob. Inv. 204/153 Appraised at £1.63	6	0	0	0	6	0.4%
54	Jefre Wood, (Labourer) St. Martins, (.. ..) 1675, L.C.C. Admon. 1675/111 Appraised at £4.06	3	1	0	0	4	0.2%
55	Richard Ellis, (Whipmaker), 24.5.1682, Di 38/1/86 Appraised at £13.95	1	0	1	0	2	0.1%
	Overall totals	1217	55	284	59	1615	100%

Whilst the vagaries both of inventory survival and selection mean that a comprehensive picture can never be established, it is nonetheless interesting to note that chairs were 5 times more common than stools. One sometimes gets the impression from auction catalogues that it is more frequently stools that have survived the intervening 300 to 350 years. Some chairs, notably wainscot chairs and embroidered chairs and a handful of leather chairs do survive. It is perhaps unsurprising that the commonest chairs, of rush and cane and wicker, since either their value tended be lower or the materials from which they were crafted less long-lasting, do not survive in any quantity.  But a good Restoration settle is a glorious rare thing.

My thanks go to J.A. Johnston and the Lincoln Record Society/The Boydell Press for the original transcriptions of the probate inventories upon which this analysis has been carried out.

© Julian Parker 2020